Polygamy essays

Polygamy expositions For what reason do individuals live together and not wed? It is a choice that involves numerous thought processes. Doubt of marriage is expanding, because of high separation levels, which makes many be mindful about entering such a legitimately restricting relationship. Backing for the strict perspectives on marriage and numerous conventional good norms are declining. There is more acknowledgment of unwed parenthood, homosexuality, pre-marriage sex and divorce(baker, 1996). One-6th of never-wedded living together couples have a kid that was conceived since they started living together.This speaks to a noteworthy part of unmarried births (about a quarter) that are not naturally introduced to single-parent family units (Bumpass and Sweet, 1989a). Points of interest for living in a dwelling together and as a brief or perpetual answer for marriage incorporate the accompanying. Marriage is a lot simpler to cut off than a living together association than a marriage. About 40% of living together associations in the United States separate without the couple getting hitched, and this will in general happen rather rapidly (Bumpass and Sweet, 1989a).This happens rapidly in light of the fact that they living together couples have an a lot simpler time choosing money related subjects and so on. The simplicity at persevering through a living together. Very nearly three fold the number of cohabiters believe that their opportunity to do what they need would be more terrible in a marriage than at present (Sweet, Bumpass, Living together will impact future connections in the accompanying manners. The individuals who live together short of what one year are destined to wed, 1 to 2.9 years is in the middle of, 3+ long periods of dwelling together is most drastically averse to wed (NSHF, 1987-88). we realize that cohabi ... <!

Technology and Family Essay Example

Innovation and Family Essay Example Innovation and Family Essay Innovation and Family Essay Innovation has gotten us to the world we live in today it has significantly changed the manner in which we live, influencing everybody. Innovation offers numerous approaches to impart successfully by giving an approach to stay in contact with loved ones around the world, or Just across town from content informing, Keep, sites, spine, twitter and messages. I accept that practically every individual has a least a PDA which helps each person when utilized mindfully. We dont need to head over to search for coins to utilize a compensation telephone or potentially If plans change or we are running late we can send a fast message. Mobile phones additionally are a major assistance In this insane world we can know where our families are/and have an approach to reach If they are In inconvenience. Innovation has likewise helped us In numerous manners utilizing the Internet on our PCs/PCs for schoolwork, school ventures, inquire about many school locale are providing understudies with Pads for In class use, our reality has gotten to the heart of the matter that we essentially can't live without innovation. Anyway Technology has Its defeats, It has changed the manner in which we collaborate with each other. It has debilitated the relationship among relatives before a significant number of these gadgets relatives would sit accumulate appreciate a family dinner and would have the option to have an up close and personal correspondence, presently a days everybody in the family are in isolated rooms either playing computer games, content informing or on you tube. As indicated by 2011 Nielsen measurements adolescents send and get around 3,700 writings every month-that is around 125 instant messages an I know two or three young people that their folks need to set limitations on their telephone on the grounds that their evaluations have fallen because of them not doing schoolwork since they are caught up with testing, posting on Mainstream or spine. I have likewise observed numerous couples relationship bomb because of their accomplices spine tallies and whom they are companions with. Innovatio n has its valid statements however not every person utilizes it in the correct manner there is a great deal of digital tormenting among various age bunches which influences numerous individuals. Numerous children dont go outside to play or ride bikes any longer since they are too bustling playing on the Oxbow, Plantation, or the WI so the numerous dont get the best possible exercise which can lead numerous children to become over weight , Another antagonistic impact is that we become excessively reliant on these contraptions and huge numbers of these devices can contain individual data that we don't need anybody to see r have, so on the off chance that we lose or have them taken there Is the danger of others utilizing our Information which can prompt Identity burglary. Sources references: Williamson, Kim. 5 Ways Technology Has Negatively Affected Families 06 March 2012. Hookworms. Com. 20 April 2014. By sandpapered helps each person when utilized capably. We dont need to head over to search for coins to utilize a compensation telephone and additionally if plans change or we are running late we can send a fast message. Mobile phones additionally are a major assistance in this insane world we can know where our families are/and have an approach to reach in the event that they are in a difficult situation. Innovation has additionally helped us from multiple points of view utilizing the web on our PCs/understudies with cushions for in class use, our reality has gotten to the meaningful part that we essentially can't live without innovation. Anyway Technology has its defeats, it has instant messages a day'(Para. 2). I know a few young people that their folks need to numerous dont get the best possible exercise which can lead numerous children to become over weight , or have, so on the off chance that we lose or have them taken there is the danger of others utilizing our data which can prompt fraud.

Earn Money from Home as Image Reviewer for Shutterstock

Earn Money from Home as Image Reviewer for Shutterstock There are very few people you may find that they dont like and enjoy photography. Many people do photography as hobby and they takes is like passion. You can turn your passion into a source of income by extra effort. Answer some of my question. Do you know about photo editing tools or software? Do you have knowledge about how to capture a good photo? Do you have knowledge about photography selling? Then Shutterstock might be a good source of income where you can work from home. What is Shutterstock? Shutterstock is New York, USA based Simply Shutterstock is a 2 sided marketplace for creative professionals to license content, including images, video and music. Shutterstock is mostly popular for royalty-free high-end image collection, videos and Music library. Currently it has huge contributors like photographers, videographers, artists, and illustrators to enrich their stock. How to Earn Money from Shutterstock as Image Reviewer? Yes!!! You can earn money from Shutterstock as image reviewer. You dont need to be much professional for it. There are many people, especially photographers are earning from Shutterstock only reviewing images. But they have some standard for potential image reviewer. This opportunity is open for all by only expert people with standard quality able to earn money from Shutterstock. What Skills Are required for an Image Reviewer at Shutterstock? If you want to be a good image reviewer then you must have some skill. Without skill you wont able to review image. Over 2 years of professional photography experience required. You should able to work quickly with high volume. You have to work minimum work 25-30 hours per week including 5-8 hours on the weekends. Photo editing skill required, Adobe Photoshop knowledge is preferable. You should able to apply metadata standards. For selected photo you should use appropriate keywords for search engine optimization. Image reviewer must provide consistent and concise opinion to contributors. Image should be evaluate based on latest trends, styles, and commercial value You should have strong command of English for analyze the image and provide feedback. In addition you need some basic requirement such as Personal Computer, high-speed broadband Internet access to execute your review. Because when you apply for Image reviewer at Shutterstock then they will check your Internet download speed. Minimum 25 mbps is required for the download speed. How to evaluate images for Shutterstock? They have specific guidelines for image evaluation. And if it matches with evaluation criteria then you can approve the image for them. #1: overall Image Quality As an image reviewer you must evaluate the image quality. It is not only the properties and resolution of image; rather evaluate the accurate color display for high-resolutions images. Select those images whose quality is overall good. #2: Technical Execution A good image always technically execute. You have to judge the technical standards, trademark exceptions, detect fraud and copyright protected image. #3: Commercial suitability This is most important factor for photo evolution. Judge the photo from commercial viewpoint. Is it suitable for online selling or not? You have to take decision about it. Simply review images for suitability for commercial image catalog. #4: Observance to the Shutterstocks acceptance standards Finally you have to observe the Shutterstocks image acceptance standards. If image is comply with their standard then approve the image based on acceptance standards. Working Hours and Payment at Shutterstock? I have mentioned before that you have to work with high volume. And minimum working hour at Shutterstock 25 to 30 hours per week, In addition you have to work 5 to 8 on the weekend, but you can set the hours around your own schedule. This is not disclosed by Shutterstock that how much they will pay for image review. But According to Shutterstock they pay for per image review. This mean More Review = More Money. Before applying at Shutterstock as Image reviewer please fill up their survey form. http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/1642507/Content-Pre-screening-Assessment If you are confident enough then just become a contributor at shutterstock by visiting this Shutterstock Sign Up URL. Earn Money from Shutterstock affiliate program There is also a good opportunity for webmasters to earn money from Shutterstock. You dont need to be a highly skilled photographer to earn money. Just become a Shutterstock affiliates and receive 20% commission of every sales. This is pretty easy to earn. You can promote your affiliate URL through your Website and Blog, Email, Social media site etc. http://affiliate.shutterstock.com/ Final Verdict There are many people who are trying to earn money from home and for them Shutterstock seems like an ideal place to work and make money from home. And this is very easy job for photographer, because they can earn extra money through online. But it isnt easy to get chance to become an image reviewer. However if you are confident enough then send your application for assignment at Shutterstock. Best of Luck. Earn Money from Home as Image Reviewer for Shutterstock Let me know how you have get approval from Shutterstock as image reviewer? How is your experience? Is is easy or tough?

Impact Of Social Media On Communication - 827 Words

Impact of Social Media on Communication Topic: Impact of social media on communication General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose: to inform audience on how social media has changed the way we communicate with others Thesis: Social media has impacted the way we as a society use communication in our daily lives as well as in our business relationships. I. Introduction: a. Attention getter: You’re sitting at home bored and you don’t know what to do so you text your best friend to hang out. Or maybe you don’t understand a concept that was covered today in class so you email your professor. Regardless social media is your primary form of communication. b. Relevance of Topic to Audience: Living in this day and age it’s impossible to escape social media. We use it all the time to communicate with our peers, professors even family members. Businesses even use it as their main form of advertising. c. Establish credibility: As a student, I use social media all the time to communicate with my peers for group projects, and my professors when I have questions regarding material we have covered in class. It’s the fastest way to share and receive information from others and with a schedule like mine I don’t have time to waste. d. Thesis: Social media has impacted the way we as a society use communication in our daily lives as well as in our business relationships. e. Preview: Social media has changed our social interaction in two ways i. How we interact with people everyday ii.Show MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Impacts On Communication1446 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media, and its Impacts on Communication and Interaction in our Society Introduction The introduction and the spread of the Internet have revolutionized the way individuals communicate and interact with each other. According to Van and Thomas, propagation of this medium of interaction or communication makes it unimaginable to remember that only a few decades back when people had to wait for days, weeks or even months to receive letters from their friends, relatives, or various agencies (3)Read MoreSocial Media Impact On Social And Communication1231 Words   |  5 Pagesdominated by social media interactions. You are probably more likely to speak to family and friends through electronic devices rather than face-to-face. But is modern technology and social media impairing our interpersonal communication and social skills? Recent research and studies suggest demonstrate that social media negatively impacts social and communication skills. However there are ways to combat these detrimental effects. Social media will continue to be the preferred form of communication amongRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Interpersonal Communication1545 Words   |  7 Pagesmight assume that this instant gratification has negatively affected interpersonal communication, though it could be argued that technology has improved communication between adolescents and their friends as well as adolescents and their families through social media. Social media not only affects how teens interact with their friends, but it also impacts family dynamics as well by increasing connectivity and communication which fosters family closeness. Family closeness and well-being can be conceptualizedRead MoreEssay on Impact of Social Media on Communication899 Words   |  4 Pagesare used for communication. It took around one hundred years to get from the telegraph to the telephone. It was less than 50 years later that the first computer was being programmed for use. 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It will examine what social media encompasses as well as an overview of social media from a historical context. Moreover, it will provide an in-depth explanation about the different types of social media. Furthermore, it will describe the steps involved in implementing a corporate social media strategy. In addition, it will delve into the influence that social media has on corporate reputation. It willRead MoreThe Impact of Social Media Marketing in Marketing Communication Opportunities: in Context of Dell3907 Words   |  16 Pages| 6 | Impact of Social Media Marketing in Dell Current Communication Process | 8 | 7. | Challenges of Social Media Marketing in the Marketing Environment | 11 | 8. | Benefits of Social Media Marketing in the Marketing Environment | 13 | 9. | Conclusion | 15 | 10. | References | 16 | 2. Abstract Social media marketing is no longer a foreign to business marketer nowadays. 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Even though social media has been a game-changer for many businesses and a vital tool for communication, it has brought along of negative outcomes. The articles I have researched demonstrate both pros and cons for the use of social media in the work and give supporting facts from their standpoint. Social med ia

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Essay on African American Contributions in Science

African American Contributions in Science Throughout American history many African Americans have been overlooked in the field of science. Some powerful minds and great inventors haven’t been re-introduced to new generations. African Americans have contributed a great deal to the advancements of our country and one of the major fields they have made contributions to is in the field of science. Many successful African Americans have been overshadowed by their Caucasian counterparts. More of our children should be aware of these great historians. African Americans that have made major contributions in the field of science that should be discussed, studied and taught to our society to educate new generations of the vast majority†¦show more content†¦Benjamin Bradley was an inventor, and also was a slave. He made the first steam engine at the age of sixteen with a few materials like a piece of gun barrel and pewter. His master helped him, but would only give him five doll ars out of his wages. Bradley was unable to patent his work under United States law, since during this time period African Americans were not considered to be citizens. Benjamin Bradley later purchased his freedom with the earnings he received from his work. Everyone has heard of the term â€Å"The Real McCoy,† this term refers to the oiling device used for industrial machinery. Elijah McCoy was born in Canada from parents who were former slaves. He returned to the U.S. and settled in Detroit, Michigan. His first invention was a lubricator for steam engines. It was issued on July 12, 1872. The invention helped machines specific parts that remained in motion to stay oiled. This new oiling device helped revolutionize the industrial machine industry. Another great inventor whose inventions made streets safer was Garrett Morgan. Morgan is known for inventing the Gas Mask and the traffic signal. He was the son of former slaves and was born in Paris, Kentucky where he spent his chi ldhood going to school and helping out on the farm. He left Kentucky when he was a teenager and moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in search of other opportunities. Morgan invented a device called the Morgan Safety hood and smoke protector inShow MoreRelatedThe Discourse On The Need For Universities867 Words   |  4 Pagesto contribute to innovation is widespread in African countries and among international organisations. Stakeholders lament the weak contribution of universities to innovation, while at the same time acknowledging the difficulties higher education institutions face. Major international organizations recognize that university-industry collaborations are scarce and weak in most African countries; in addition, they point to a shortage of skills in science and engineering, and university curricula thatRead MoreThe Contributions Of The United States Of America1672 Words   |  7 Pagesfail to realize that many accomplishments come from the African-American women, who are given the least amount of recognition despite their many contributions to society, ranging from minor and major actions. The most unrecognized influential women, are usually found in the STEM category, with their major contributions to some of our most well known and renowned institutions. Dr. Mae Jemison, who became very notable as the first African-American woman to pursue and fulfill her goal of being the firstRead MoreHogwarts Research Paper1201 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Chicago. Heralded as the American Hogwarts. Acclaimed in the news for its Nobel Prize Laureates. Being a leading school in Math, Science, Business, Law, and among other fields. As a personal dream school of my own, the list of acclaimed innovators harking from UChicago seemed endless while I was doing research about the school. Yet, one name in the expansive list caught my eye, for obvious reasons. Jesse Ernest Wilkins, Junior. Recently deceased in May of 2011, Dr. Wilkins has possiblyRead MoreW. E. B. DuBois988 Words   |  4 PagesBerlin. One of his biggest contributions would be founding the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Du Bois achieved many things throughout his life and left a mark on the social sciences and in race relations, but was not satisfied wit h the way things in society were when his life was ending. W.E.B. Du Bois was an important role model of his time for young African Americans and one of the key civil rights leaders of his time. His literary contributions have played a role forRead MoreEssay on Neil Degrasse Tyson1019 Words   |  5 Pageshelped make learning about astronomy appeal to a much bigger audience than most have previously been able to do. He is a very intelligent man and has made many contributions to this world in his lifetime thus far. Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson was born October 5, 1958 in New York City, New York. He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and went on to earn his BA in Physics from Harvard University, his MA in Astronomy from the University of Texas at Austin and his PhD in Astrophysics from ColumbiaRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Black Slave Culture on Early America1133 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of Americas own music, dance, art, and clothing. Music It is understandable that when Africans were torn from their homes and families, lashed into submission , and forced into lifelong slave labor, they would be, on the most part, resentful and angry. 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During the time period, African Americans faced a great deal of inequality in healthcare, which made the work of Dr. Williams even more significant as he was considered a pioneer in equality ofRead MoreINEZ BEVERLY PROSSER - AFRICAN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST1587 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Inez Beverly Prosser Twentieth Century African American Psychologist Marcus Monteiro PSY 310 May 4, 2014 Professor Sara Molloy Abstract Inez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934), was an African American psychologist of the early twentieth century. Her main focus was on the significance of racism and its effects upon children relative to the obtainment of fair and adequate education. This writing will address the endeavors, perspectivesRead MoreFactors Affecting African American Persistence in the Sciences783 Words   |  3 PagesScience is comprised of fields that investigate the physical and natural world or events dealing with matter, energy, and their interrelations with objectively measurable phenomena (Natural Science). Scientific fields are often subsumed under the umbrella term STEM which stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Historically, STEM fields have been void of diversity and largely dominated by White males, leaving minority’s under-represented (Hines 3). Preserving the integrity ofRead MoreDisproving Misconceptions About Africa1743 Words   |  7 PagesDisproving Misconceptions about Africa Africa is a country filled with primitive tribesmen who have made insignificant contributions to history. Today most Americans pride themselves on being open-minded, politically conscious, and socially aware of world wide problems. Yet when discussing Africa, its history, and present state, most misconceptions as seen above are accepted without question. These myths have been developed over a century of time and have become imbedded in the minds of the Western

Electromagnetic Radiation Essay Research Paper Electromagnetic radiation free essay sample

Electromagnetic Radiation Essay, Research Paper Electromagnetic radiation is defined as the emanation and transmittal of energy in the signifier of electromagnetic moving ridges. An electromagnetic moving ridge consists of two moving ridges at perpendicular planes, on stand foring the electrical field while the other represents the magnetic field. This spectrum is split up into approximately 81 octaves, much like the octaves of sound, which scientists have categorized in order to picture the utility of the different properties.Theoretically, electromagnetic moving ridges can be every bit long as the expansive breadth of the existence in one moving ridge, to a wavelength the size of a quanta ( the smallest sum of energy that can be transmitted ) . That, nevertheless, is at this point in clip negligible because we either can non observe wavelengths so highly big or infinitesimally little. So by and large the spectrum is regarded to be set between 30,000,000 kilometers and.0001 As ( 1 kilometer is equal to 1 Tens 10^13 As ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Electromagnetic Radiation Essay Research Paper Electromagnetic radiation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The longest and least energetic of the recognized wavelengths are radio moving ridges. Their wavelengths scope from 300,000 kilometers to 30 centimeter and a frequence of 30 kilohertzs to 3,000,000 kilohertz. The moving ridges are used in the transmittal of wireless and telecasting signals. AM and FM wireless signals fall in the long-wave wireless scope, while Television signals use the short-wave wireless scope, someplace in the 3 m wavelength. Radio moving ridges take up approximately 30 of the 81 octaves. The following somewhat more energetic and shorter wavelength is microwaves. Obviously, most are familiar with microwaves since they are ever being used to cook nutrient, but microwaves are besides used in radiotelescopes and radio detection and ranging, even the radiation from a impersonal H atom falls in this scope. Microwave scope extends from wavelengths of 30 centimeter to.3 centimeter and frequences of 1-100 billion rhythms per second. This corresponds to 6 1/2 octaves. The n comes the infrared scope. While much of the wireless spectrum base on ballss easy through our ambiance, infrared is about wholly blocked off due to soaking up by gaseous molecules that reside at that place. Infrared moving ridges are present during the transmittal of heat. It s wavelengths scope from.3 centimeter to.000076 centimeter with frequences from 100 billion ( 10^11 ) to about 10^14 rhythms per second. 12 octaves are portion of the infrared spectrum. The seeable spectrum with its individual octave is the portion of the spectrum that merely the blind are denied. The ambiance is extremely crystalline to the seeable spectrum, and is one reason why biologists believe it is the only part of the spectrum our eyes are sensitive to. Our sun produces intense amounts of visible light, which also explains why we don t perceive the much less abundant radio wavelengths that are also impervious to our atmosphere. The visible wavelengths range from .76 microns (7600 angstroms) to .38 microns (3800 angstroms) with frequencies of slightly less than a quadrillion (10^15). Many recognize UV or ultraviolet radiation because of modern societies obsession with tanning, and the cancerous growths that may follow. UV radiation is very energetic compared to the previous categories discussed and will burn with the prolonged exposure, which tanning is a mild form of. Not much UV can get through the ozone layer, but a little does, and our polluting industrial revolution has caused our protective layer to break down allowing more UV radiation in and larger health problems to the world. It has wavelengths from 3800-100 angstroms, with fr equencies from a quadrillion (10^15) to slightly less than 100 quadrillion (10^17). UV occupies about 5 octaves. X-rays, once again, are also well known to the public through their modern medical usage. They are very energetic in nature and extremely harmful to the living bodies, especially in the reproductive sites. They can easily pass through skin and reveal the underlying structure of animals. X-rays have been known to also cause cancer and even mutations. Prolonged exposure leads to radiation poisoning and certain death. It s wavelengths range from 100-.1 angstroms with frequencies of just under 10^17 to 10^20 cycles per second. It contains 10 octaves. Gamma rays are the newly discovered form of radiation that is associated with space, and is given off in reactions concerning the nuclei of atoms. These are the most energetic and shortest wavelengths that are very, very lethal. They are often called cosmic rays and so far have no practical use other than extraterrestrial observa tion. It s frequencies are 100 quintillion (10^20) and higher with wavelengths than 1/10th of an angstrom. Although scientists have established these arbitrary borders for the electromagnetic spectrum, there is truly no difference between them. Their only differences lie in the amount of energy they contain, their wavelengths, and their frequencies. They all behave as waves and particles, and all travel at the unerring speed of light, 300,000 Km per second.

Ethics (Accounting) Case free essay sample

This paper seeks to answer given questions in the case study which include commenting on Jackie’s   behavior in relation to possible standards of ethical behavior she violated and evaluating the correctness of Brindon’s instincts and feeling about his reservations in analyzing the data   and the ethics of analyzing the data.   This will determine also whether IMA standards of ethical conduct apply to the issue on behavior. With the assumption that data were acquired by Bill from Jackie Wilson, has Jackie violated any of the ethical standards? Jackie’s behavior is unethical and she violated the standards   of confidentiality and integrity of the Institute of Management Accounts (IMA, 2008a).   Members of the   IMA via CMA certification as regulated by IMA profession are called upon to practice the highest ethical standards in the conduct of their affairs within and outside the premises of their employer. Before one becomes a CMA professional of which Jackie is a member, a pledge is made to adhere to said standards (IMA, 2008b), thus Jackie is bound to practice integrity and confidentiality in her employment with Killborn. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics (Accounting) Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2.2 Was Brindon correct is terms of his instincts and feeling of some reservation about analyzing the data.   Would it be ethical to analyze the date and do any IMA ethical standards apply? Brindon’s instincts were correct and his feeling of some reservations of analyzing the data is also valid for to do proceed with the analysis of date without verifying how the information was obtained   would amount to   consenting or condoning the unethical behavior committed by Jackie. The IMA standards of ethical conduct require the need maintain confidentiality and integrity (IMA, 2008a) while being members of the association.   If I were Brindon I would move for not conducting the meeting on the ground that doing so is violative of the IMA’s ethical standards of which I am also a member.   I would have to discuss   the matter first with Jackie as member of CMA about the consequences of using data from Killborn including the possible removal of Jackie from IMA on the ground of ethical violation. The decision that must be made is how to price the products of Thomas Electronics Division in relation to competitors including Killborn using the unethically obtained data from Killborn. Using the data could amount to unfair competition since it would be putting Killborn in a disadvantageous position with Thomas knowing the Killborn’s pricing scheme. The   primary stakeholders are the management, the association of the management accounts,   the stockholders as well as investing public. Each of the stakeholders mentioned has a stake on the decision. The alternatives by Brindon and the possible consequences are as follows: First Brindon, should stop proceeding with Bill by advising the latter that Brindon could also be violating some ethical standards. Brindon could possibly lose his job if does it wrongly to Bill. He must therefore practice tact and professionalism in voicing his objection to the use of data.   Second, Brindon could proceed using the data and he risks the penalty of   being discharged from the IMA but he could keep his employment with Thomas Electronics. The primary stakeholders would be affected in such a way that the company will lose its integrity in dealing with the public, and the CMA standards would be compromised. The stockholders could be consenting unethical practice by management and investing public may refuse to deal with the company in the future. The action that must be chosen is just to stop analyzing the data because of the question of ethical standards being violated. Ethical standards are meant to serve a good purpose to organizations, they should not be taken lightly.   The risks that may be caused by not using the data might not be that fatal to Thomas Electronics as there are other sources of data to price competitively its products. The benefits of this course action would mean preserving what is good and ideal for the company and the company could be   benefiting more in the long run when it will have transaction with different parties – that is, the company has credibility and can be trusted accordingly. 3. Conclusion The   best decision is one which would uphold the ethics of the profession since the said standard ethics were precisely made for the benefits of the members of CMA, the stockholders,   the investing public and whole clientele which the profession intends to serve. Complying with requirements of the ethical standard would keep the integrity of the company intact and it would do more good to the company in the long run in keeping its image unscathed to the investors and the public. To be known as ethical company would do most to stakeholders and would fulfill the company’s requirement for corporate governance and attain its mission and vision. Reference: Case study- Managerial Decision Case 3-28 IMA (2008a) Statement of Ethical Professional Practice, {www document} URL http://www.imanet.org/about_ethics_statement.asp, Accessed September 14, 2008. IMA (2008b) Why Should I get my CMA, {www document} URL, http://www.imanet.org/about_faqs.asp, Accessed September 15,2008-09-15

Free Essays on Understanding Islam

This paper is about the book Understanding Islam written by Thomas W. Lippman. The book explains the basics beliefs and practices, Muhammad, the Koran, Law and Government, and Islam today. I chose to discuss three main themes, Zakat, the alms-tax, law and government, and the role of women in Islam. The first theme is Zakat, one of the five pillars of faith, stands for the alms-tax. The alms-tax is a mandatory donation to charity every Muslim must make. In the Islamic religion they strongly believe that the rich should give to the less fortunate. This is stated in the Koran; however the Koran does not specify how much should be given. The most common donation expected of a Muslim is 2.5 percent of the amount of cash and individual holds in savings or investments for a year. I think the Zakat is a good concept to have in one’s religion. It’s good because the money is actually going to the poor not the government or your church. Also 2.5 percent is not an unreasonable amount to ask for. A lot of people don’t give to charity and I think that more people should. If more people gave to charity then maybe the poor would have enough money or clothes to keep warm for the winter. The second theme is the law and government of Islam. One big difference between the United States and Islamic countries is the separation of church and state. This separation does not exist in Islamic countries because they believe their religion is also a way of life and should be the law of the land. Many of the laws come from prophets, such as Muhammad. An example of a law coming from Muhammad is, â€Å"Every Muslim has six obligations toward his fellow Muslim: he greets him whenever they meet; answers his call; wishes him well when he sneezes; visits him when he is ill; follows in his funeral when he dies; and wishes for him what he wishes for himself. These are some of the kinds of laws they have. Also they have rules for theft, murder and adu... Free Essays on Understanding Islam Free Essays on Understanding Islam This paper is about the book Understanding Islam written by Thomas W. Lippman. The book explains the basics beliefs and practices, Muhammad, the Koran, Law and Government, and Islam today. I chose to discuss three main themes, Zakat, the alms-tax, law and government, and the role of women in Islam. The first theme is Zakat, one of the five pillars of faith, stands for the alms-tax. The alms-tax is a mandatory donation to charity every Muslim must make. In the Islamic religion they strongly believe that the rich should give to the less fortunate. This is stated in the Koran; however the Koran does not specify how much should be given. The most common donation expected of a Muslim is 2.5 percent of the amount of cash and individual holds in savings or investments for a year. I think the Zakat is a good concept to have in one’s religion. It’s good because the money is actually going to the poor not the government or your church. Also 2.5 percent is not an unreasonable amount to ask for. A lot of people don’t give to charity and I think that more people should. If more people gave to charity then maybe the poor would have enough money or clothes to keep warm for the winter. The second theme is the law and government of Islam. One big difference between the United States and Islamic countries is the separation of church and state. This separation does not exist in Islamic countries because they believe their religion is also a way of life and should be the law of the land. Many of the laws come from prophets, such as Muhammad. An example of a law coming from Muhammad is, â€Å"Every Muslim has six obligations toward his fellow Muslim: he greets him whenever they meet; answers his call; wishes him well when he sneezes; visits him when he is ill; follows in his funeral when he dies; and wishes for him what he wishes for himself. These are some of the kinds of laws they have. Also they have rules for theft, murder and adu...

The Strategy that The Chronicle Gazette Must Implement to Further Essay

The Strategy that The Chronicle Gazette Must Implement to Further Penetrate and Maintain Its Market - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that one among the leading newspaper in a major metropolitan area in the United States, The Chronicle Gazette, has a paid circulation of 225 customers. It is one among the highest rated newspaper in America. In fact, its writers have been recognized and awarded for their excellent works. Despite this fact, the Chronicle Gazette is challenged by a steady decline in its customer base subscription as well as its advertising revenues. It has been observed in the past 8 years that there has been a drop of a total of 35 percent among the customer base subscription to Chronicle Gazette. As a result, its advertising revenues have also deteriorated by a total of 28 percent. This is not only true for the case of Chronicle Gazette but also valid for the cases of other huge newspapers like New York Times and Wall Street Journal. Meanwhile, this continuous decline in subscription and advertising revenues to Chronicle Gazette and the whole newspaper publ ishing industry in the United States are largely caused by the increasing dominance of the Internet. This is because the Internet has largely become today’s means of news and information dissemination. Unlike newspapers, access to news to the Internet is for free. Aside from the free subscription, news accounts are indeed up – to – the – minute. The Internet is certainly more advantageous than a newspaper for having also video recordings on hot topics that can be played and watched. The Internet is very fast, up – to – the – minute, and has different features, unlike newspapers. Moreover, videos can be watched and more topics can be further explored by just a click on the Internet. According to Hoover’s Inc., there are approximately 2,000 companies that comprise the newspaper publishing industry in America today. The total annual revenues of the newspaper industry in America amount to approximately $30 billion in which majority of this earning come from the advertising revenues followed by customer base subscriptions. On the one hand, the circulation of the newspaper industry in America sums to an almost $50 million daily. Nonetheless, a constant decline in the circulation, as well as advertising in newspapers, has been observed over the past few years. This is because of the technological advancement of the Internet. People can readily access news and information any time they want for free. Internet news is up – to – the – minute and can be accompanied by videos and other details with just a click on the internet. 2.1 Data on the Declining Circulation and Revenue According to the Newspaper Association of America, there is an observed decline in the circulation of newspaper copies in the United States over a ten – year period. From the total number of 115,194,000circulated newspaper copies in 2000, it has significantly reduced to 97,712,000 in 2008.

Hypertension Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hypertension - Assignment Example The DASH eating plan tends to also regulate the amount of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate, magnesium, fiber and other essential nutrients in food. It has helped me realize the numerous benefits of less sodium consumption and higher potassium intake. The advantages are varied that range from fast reduction of blood pressure, it helps in reducing cholesterol in a phased manner, the reduction of insulin resistance, the prevention of heart diseases and strokes, the prevention of any types of chronic liver aliments, it delays and even fights against osteoporosis, it reduces the risk of certain types of cancers, it mitigates obesity and also leads to an overall feeling of wellness (Coben 95). There is also an increased effort on maintaining an overall healthy lifestyle that involves eating food in the right proportions. This assignment about hypertension has inculcated the values of healthy living in me, other than the food intake aspect of this plan. It espouses eating food in right portions and in moderation. The food should be comprised of higher levels of grains, fiber, potassium, green vegetables, low quantities of red meat and alcohol (Karppanen and Mervaala 126). Healthy lifestyle and exercising is also a part of this plan. This hypertension plan emphasizes the need for exercising five to six times a week. It also allots a lot of importance on keeping a brisk lifestyle. Overall, this assignment has helped me to learn about the importance of lower sodium intake, higher potassium intake, the importance of DASH diet, weight loss and a healthy

Crime Rate in Centervale Essay Example for Free

Crime Rate in Centervale Essay If one was to compare the crime in Centervale to that of Alaska or Alabama it would be clear that Centervale has the highest crime total. If one was to compare the crime rate it would be clear that Alabama has in fact the highest crime rate with Alaska and then Centervale sitting very close in numbers. Alabama has the highest population and Alaska has the lowest, but this would mean that Alabama would not be the safest place to live. In fact an individual would want to live in either Alaska or Centervale. Centervale has a lower aggravated assault rate than that of Alaska, but Alaska has a lower robbery rate that that of both Centervale and Alabama. When looking for a new place to locate its always a great decision to check out how a city, county, suburb, or state hold up against that of other similar places when it comes to crime. No one wants to live in a place where they are afraid to leave their homes. When looking at the actually numbers Centervale is the highest followed by Alabama and then Alaska, but if an individual was to look at the crime rate then it would appear that Alaska has the highest followed by Alabama and then Centervale, but both Alabama and Centervale are very close in rate percentage. Alaska has a problem with alcohol related crimes, whereas in other locations in the United States drugs and alcohol are secondary to the crime. Information Importance This kind of information is important due to the growing concern that most individuals and families have about the crime not only in their local neighborhoods, but also in places that they may be considering locating too. It’s also important to find out what programs are in place to keep the crime rate reduced. Each neighborhood has some sort of program in place to help keep children and adolescents occupied so they are less likely to go out and commit a crime, but crime doesn’t always involve children and adolescents. Crime can and is often committed by adults. Read more:  India Crime Rate Most communities have an early childhood development program in place. It’s been stated by Paul Leighton (2007), that children enrolled in this program have â€Å"half as many criminal arrests, less likelihood of going to jail, higher earnings and property wealth, and a greater commitment to family†. There are also drug treatment, recreation, gang- prevention, education, special curricula, job training, and the labor market (Leighton, 2007). When moving to a new community an individual can call around to find what programs have been put into place to reduce the crime rate and what else can be done to help reduce the crime. Parents with small children wish to make sure that they are bringing their children to a safe environment with programs set in place to help the children and adolescents occupied after school. Definitions of Crime Crime is defined as â€Å"the act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law† (Merriam-Webster, 2013). Alabama and Alaska differ when it comes to crime punishment. Alaska abolished its capital punishment in 1957, but has since then tried to reintroduce it to no avail. Alabama on the other hand does have capital punishment and certain crimes can lead to the death penalty. These crimes are capital murder charges, rape, robbery, and burglary. Alaska imprisons their convicted criminals for either short period of times to life. In both states children and adolescents are charged as juveniles unless found to have committed an adult crime such as murder (non-accidental), robbery that ends up with loss of life or assault or rape. Rape charges can be difficult to try depending on the age of the child or adolescents and how much understanding of the charges and their understanding of right and wrong. Charging children in an adult court can be difficult to do since their understanding and reasoning is far different and underdeveloped than that of an adult. Recommendations Recommendations to help reduce the crime rate would to beef up the police and special crime units to help get a grasp on the crime in the state. Have better programs put into place within the prisons/jails. This will give a positive opportunity and outlet for the prisoners so they will not wish to reoffend. Allow employers that wish to hire ex-convicts the opportunity to sit down with the convict prior to their release. This will give the individual something positive to look forward to and a better outlook on life. Have programs set up for ex-cons along with programs set up for those who may need a positive outlet. Ex-cons need the structure to help them adapt better to outside life than to be just â€Å"dumped† on the streets after their sentence with the hopes of not reoffending. Many individuals feel they have nothing â€Å"outside† so why even try. In many cases this is true, the individuals family and or friends have given up on them or they have a difficult time finding a job, so they do what they believe is the only thing left and this causes them to reoffend. Conclusion In conclusion crime is a scary thing for any family or individual, but with careful consideration and knowing the facts needed one can make the correct decision. Many criminals that are within the prison/jail system are those who have reoffended, but due to the unknown these individuals tend to end back up within the system. Families and friends of those ex-cons need to be there for the individual for emotional support. Those who don’t have the proper support feel alone and often believe they need to be back where they were. References Crime in the United States. U.S. Department of Justice (2009). Retrieved from http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_05.html What Every American Should Know About the Criminal Justice System. Leighton, Paul (2007). Stop Violence. Retrieved from http://stopviolence.com/cj-knowledge.htm Merriam-Webster. Crime (2013). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crime

Essay --

Amanda Korah P.1/Gwizdala February 26th, 2013 A Long Way Gone In Class Essay A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah is a memoir of a young, emotionally distraught child soldier who takes his audience through his mental and physical journey to his eventual escape of the Civil War in Sierra Leone. For the past few days, our World Literature class have been trying to figure out/argue what category A Long Way Gone falls under. In Tim O'Brien's book, The Things They Carried, he distinguishes between two types of stories: (1) stories that need to be real and (2) stories that rely on the emotional truth. To me, A Long Way Gone is a novel that relies on the emotional truth and should be read as such; it relies on the emotions of human beings for the story to be understood as it was written by a boy like one of us. Initially I was not sure what the emotional truth was, so I googled the definition and got that, â€Å"an emotional truth is writing in such a way that readers not only learn the facts of an event, but can feel the joy, sorrow, anger, envy, love, hate, poigna ncy that the participant feels.† And I believe that a story that relies on the emotional truth is not any less significant than stories that strictly state the truth. A story told using emotional truth/validity is a story that, in my opinion, offers more of the real picture than that of a story that doesn’t tug on the emotions of a reader and just blatantly state the true happenings of an event. I’ve come to terms that there is a possibility of a stretch in truth in A Long Way Gone. Listening to the arguments made throughout the discussion, there is evidence out there to counter some of the statements made by Ishmael Beah in his memoir (i.e. Being a child soldier in 1995 ... ...ay because we are emotionally vulnerable beings who respond more to emotions rather than the real situation. We believe everything is ok when someone expresses happiness, and we think things are going bad if someone expresses sorrow. We acknowledge situations, and we react to the emotions felt about a particular situations, which is why Ishmael Beah’s A Long Way Gone is categorized as a story of emotional truth, it relies on our emotions to bring awareness to not only his life experiences but problems that went on in the world, and problems that still may be going on in the world. We must view this emotional truth story as valid as one that tells us a straight up truth, the reason why this book was made an emotional truth is so that we have a better understanding (and we understand better) about our surroundings, in a way that we would understand to the fullest.

Communication in Social Work Practice Essay

1 Social Work Theory & Practice. The Importance of Communication Skills in Social Work Practice. Introduction. Social work is a professional activity. Implicit in its practice are ethical principles, which prescribe the professional responsibility of the social worker. The primary objective of the code of ethics is to make implicit principles explicit for the protection of clients. (BASW, 1976). According to Thompson (2000) Social work involves working with some of the most disadvantaged sections of the community and with people who, for a variety of reasons, are experiencing major problems and distress, often with unmet needs and other difficulties that may at times seem intractable. Lishman (1994) purports a broader definition of Social Work, which involves entering into the lives of people who are in distress, conflict or 2 trouble. To do this requires not only technical competence but also qualities of integrity, genuineness and self-awareness. The Central Council for Education and Training in Social work (United Kingdom) has also set out core skills and characteristics for Social work outlined as follows; The importance of being able to communicate and engage, To be able to promote and enable, To achieve success in planning and accessing information, Intervening appropriately and providing services when necessary, Working competently with other organisations, Developing overall professional competence. So not only do social works need to adhere to ethics and values, they must also look inside themselves as people and seek out the skills necessary to work with various client groups and organisations. As mentioned, communication skills are vitally important, along with listening and analytical skills. Look more:  social process theories essay But it is also very important that the social worker be aware of him/herself, of 3 handing feelings or emotions that may arise through this line of work. Reflection is an important aspect, as well as creativity, sensitivity and humility. A major step forward in contemporary practice was the development of a Code of Ethics (1995), which further defined social work as: „ The primary focus of social work is working with individuals, families, and groups within their social context. Through the training, knowledge and skills which support a high standard of professionalism, the social work task is to facilitate and enable clients to identify options and make decisions for themselves so that they may develop strategies to effect improvement in the quality of their lives. Social work also focuses on issues of social policy, social administration and social justice and the betterment of society as a whole‟ (IASW, 1995: 1). Effective social work requires a multitude of interconnecting knowledge and skills backed up by the values, which underpin 4 good social work practice. To be able to provide a good service the social worker needs to be able to refer to, or call upon a wide body of knowledge. This knowledge base is quite extensive and detailed, as Thompson (2000,p73) points out, â€Å"practitioners are not realistically expected to know all of this knowledge base.† However a certain level of knowledge is essential, for example knowledge of the basics, things such as relevant legislation, theories and techniques involved in a particular case. Knowledge of society and the social processes and institutions is also crucial to the role of a social worker, as these are the very fabric of the profession. No amount of knowledge, on its own, at least, can be effective without the possession of skills to act upon it. Thompson (2000,p82) defines a skill as â€Å"the ability to carry out a particular activity effectively and consistently over a period of time.† The skills with which a social worker is armed must be used in conjunction with the knowledge base to reflect the values, principles, and beliefs associated with the profession. There is a wide range of skills involved in high quality social work from basic communication skills to analytical, presentational, and management skills. Because of the often-sensitive nature of 5 situations social workers can find themselves in, the ability to be patient and understanding is important. Working with children and families is one of the largest areas covered by social work. Insofar as a social worker may be dealing with an individual client, that client’s place in the family can be of critical importance to any assessment. When working with families it is important not to try to mirror one’s ideas of how a family functions. The challenge for the social worker when working with a family is not to generalise but to try to understand â€Å"how does this family work?† Coulshed et al (1998,p171). When dealing with a family it is very important to remain impartial, to take the time to listen to everyone’s point of view. This approach is more likely to â€Å"encourage discussion and sharing in which the worker is free to engage and disengage when the need arises,† Coulshed et al (1998,p175). Another area which social workers are involved is with groups. This is somewhat different to the family situation. It also shares things in common with community work. The role of a social worker as a facilitator or leader of a group has many levels. At different stages the worker has to be â€Å"central, pivotal, peripheral, 6 and central once again,† Coulshed et al (1998,p198). The various stages of group development and the content of the stages outlined by Tuchman and Jensen, in Coulshed et al (1998,p198) names these stages as â€Å"forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning.† The role and tasks of the social worker are to help get group members involved and to encourage the development of a group bond. In the process of doing this s/he must be alert to isolated members, dominant members and conflict within the group, to develop positively the dynamics of the group and achieve a desired outcome, while meeting the needs of all the group members impartially and without bias. Community social work requires the social worker to develop a more flexible approach requiring such skills as recognising and validating skills and interventions. Traditional social work skills may need to be adapted to fit into the community context. Network building can also be a part of the process for a social worker, for example, to bring a group of people together who have similar concerns but are not in a position to facilitate this formation themselves. 7 In each of the above scenarios, the social worker must adapt to the different settings and the number of individuals that may be present and therefore use the most effective form of communication and tools necessary to communicate at different levels, whether that involves one person, several people or a large group. Effective Communication. Effective communication is an essential component of traditional social work activities e.g. providing basic care, giving advice, making assessments, counselling, writing reports and acting as client’s advocates. It is equally necessary for social workers to have effective communication skills if they are to promote self-help and empowerment. Verbal communication is what we say and includes questioning, reflection, focusing, summarising, challenging and confrontation. Verbal communication involves the use of language. The skills involved in engaging, listening, negotiating and challenging are equally relevant to communication in work groups and multi-disciplinary teams. Any commitment to the empowerment of social work clients is meaningless if their 8 views are neither sought nor taken into account. Silverman (1969) emphasises the importance of a non-judgemental approach. There are three main areas of knowledge and experience were valued by clients are outlined by Rees and Wallace (1982), cited in Lishman (1994) Client’s valued workers who had enough experience of life to listen non-judgementally to what they had to say, Client’s valued workers who had enough life experience to understand client’s problems from their own experience, Clients appreciated specialised knowledge and training. Kinds of Communication. Symbolic communication. Symbolic communication involves behaviour, actions or communications, which represent or denote something else. As social workers we need to be aware of the potential meaning of 9 our representation, actions and aspects of our working environment. For example, punctuality, dress and layout of the consultation room are all important aspects of symbolic communication. Proximity needs to be considered in relation to orientation. Sommer and Cook (1968) explored different seating positions and found evidence which suggested that sitting alongside a person implies cooperation, opposite a person competition and at right angles to each other equality of status. Thus sitting behind a des, directly opposite a client, has distancing and power implications but also may be confrontational. Although, There are no fixed rules about posture; being too relaxed may convey power and inattentiveness, being too rigid, tension, anxiety and authority. As social workers we need to be aware of such subliminal reinforcement and to use it discriminatingly. Non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication outlined by Sutton (1979) suggests that while spoken communication is concerned mainly with 10 information giving, non-verbal communication is the ‘music behind the words’ conveying feelings or attitudes. Understanding people or social perception is concerned with the way in which people form impressions of others and make inferences about the causes of their behaviour to enable them to predict and control their own social reality, understanding the causes and motives behind behaviour is Nonverbal Communication or NVB. Nonverbal communication NVB is the way in which people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without the use of words. Expressions, gestures, posture, touch, personal space, eye contact and tone of voice are used to express emotions, convey attitudes, regulate and control speech and communicate personal characteristics. NVB are examined in two ways: Information processing – how do people interpret nonverbal cues? What kinds of inferences do we make about people’s intentions based on these cues, Impression management. Michael Argyle (1988) suggested that NVB is important for: Expressing emotion, Conveying attitudes, 11 Communicating one’s personality traits, Facilitating verbal communications. Patterson (1983) suggests that NVB serve a number of particular functions in social interactions including: Expressing intimacy, Regulating the course of interactions, Exercising social control and dominance. Druckman (1982) outlined five principal uses to which NVB is usually put: To communicate pre-articulated feelings, feelings that cannot be put into words, To provide cues to information processing enabling us to guess at what another person is thinking or feeling, To serve as emphases in persuasive appeals to enhance our success at persuading others, To facilitate deception, To convey subtle messages. 12 The characteristics of NVB were outlined by Dittman (1984). There are users and sources of NVB, nonverbal behaviours are sent by encoders and received by decoders through a variety of different channels. Channels of nonverbal communication include facial expression, eye contact, gestures, touch, paralanguage or nonverbal elements of speech and spatial behaviour. A number of channels are used simultaneously to send a particular emotional message. Behaviours sent are intentionally controlled while behaviours may be received with different levels of awareness. Some messages are received in full awareness and as intended by the sender, whereas other messages are deliberately kept out of full awareness and may distort the intention of the sender. A number of different categories of NVB exist according to Ekman and Friesen (1969): – Emblems – these are movements that are communicative substitutes for words i.e. Handshaking. – Illustrators – these are movements that accompany speech and accent i.e. rapping a table. – Regulators – these are movements that maintain or signal a change in the speaker/ listener roles i.e. Head nods. 13 – Affect displays – these are facial expressions that are used to convey emotions – Adapters – these are self and object manipulations, which relate to an individual emotional, need or state. Mehrabian (1972) suggested that NVB’s were important for indicating a person’s social orientation. Social orientation can be summarised in terms of dimensions; each dimension reveals some aspect of a person’s intention and motivation for interacting. According to Cook (1968) NVB are used to gain fuller descriptions of individuals when little information is available which we use to fill in the missing information about people, and guide our behaviour while interacting. One further way of determining what people think and feel is to try to provide explanations for why they behave in particular ways to reveal the motives and intentions behind their actions. This process is referred to as ‘Casual Attribution’ and is concerned with understanding the reasons behind the behaviour of others. NVB are intended to provide us with clues to how a person feels, enabling us to predict and control our interactions with them. When information is missing implicit personality theories are used to fill in the gaps in our knowledge about a person. 14 Verbal communication. Language consists of symbols that convey meaning, rules for combining those symbols that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages. People use spoken sound and written words to represent objects, actions, events and ideas, and can be combined in an infinite variety of ways to generate an endless array of novel messages. Written reports and records. According to Lishman (1994) skilled are learned in action, with practise and feedback, written reports and concise record keeping enable the aforementioned to happen. Hargie (1986) acknowledges criticism that social work records and reports are often ‘lengthy, rambling and anecdotal’ and suggests ‘written reports should be clear, concise and concentrate’ on the important features of the case. O’Hagan (1986) calls recording ‘a crucial learning tool’. He argues that after a crisis, detailed scrutiny is 15 essential. Such recoding facilitates learning and self-awareness by a review of the behaviour, feelings, and interactions of all participants including the worker. Doel and Lawson (1986) found that once workers had developed ‘an interactive recording style, using interview time to record the work, the quantity of written material was reduced because it becomes more focused. The South Eastern Health Board (1988) suggest that record keeping and good recording techniques are of vital importance in maintaining good housekeeping practice, facilitating accountability and maintaining the utmost confidentiality. Under the Freedom of Information Act 1997 asserts that the client can request to access to view/ copy their records at a later date. Therefore it is vitally important that all written records be update and regularly reviewed. However there are exemptions to the above, which are also included in the FOI Act provisions. According to the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health visiting (1993) the purpose of written records is to: To provide an accurate, current, comprehensive and concise information on the client from the initial assessment onwards, 16 including a record of any factors (physical, psychological or social) that appear to affect the client, To facilitate continuity, To provide a record of any problems that may arise and the response taken, To provide evidence of continuing assessments, To record the chronology of events and the reasons for any decisions may, To provide a baseline record against which improvement can be judged, To improve communication between all members of the healthcare team. Lishman (1994) suggests that statements made by the client during interview and subsequent assessments should include the client’s statements. There is also a legal obligation by social workers to maintain written records, the onus being on good practice by practitioners. The role of communication. 17 Communication is a crucial aspect of organising; each and every interaction between the people who constitute the organisation is communication. Communication will be more likely to be good if it has been worked at constantly and not only in emergencies. McKenna (1991) suggests that communication is not simply a matter of sending messages to and from between individuals and groups. It involves being aware of and understanding the experience of other people. This means knowing about the work they do and their perception of their situation. According to McKenna (1991) good horizontal communication between managers and vertical communication between managers and their work force are essential if role and job conflicts is to be avoided. It therefore appears that while managers at top and line management levels sees themselves as doing a good job in communicating with their immediate subordinates, those subordinates do not feel this is the case. Effective communication must be two-way. It must run from top to bottom and bottom to top – vertical communication, and it must flow to and from between people at the same level within the organisation – horizontal communication. The so-called ordinary members control much of what happens to horizontal 18 communication. This is communication between people on the same hierarchical level in an organisation and involves communication between colleague such has team leaders, or team members. Dutfield and Eling (1990) note that effective communication between people involves skills in: Eliciting information, Presenting information, Managing the emotional content of the encounters. Skills in eliciting information: Questions are the most obvious way of eliciting information in any situation but they may be formulated in a number of ways: Open questions – give the other person an opportunity to put forward their point of view without constraints, Closed questions are more focused and usually allow a simple yes or no type answers, Specific questions – focus on facts. The second step in effective presentation of information involves checking that the information has been received and understood, 19 an opportunity is given to ask questions, having a discussion, feedback and asking questions. Dutfield and Eling suggest that managing the emotional reactions of people in formal or informal interviews and at meetings. Emotions enter in when the person gets personally involved. This means that the core part of our self-concept appears to be under attack. We react defensively. Emotional reactions are themselves information and as such they take up part of our information processing capacity. For these reasons the skilful handling of the emotional content of communication is important in order to ensure that conflict and ill will does not result through misunderstandings. The main skills in managing the emotional content of face-to-face meetings are; Preparing well in advance for interviews, Being aware of one’s opinions and prejudices, Clarifying the nature of the problem in behavioural terms – this involves separating fact from opinion, Setting up a suitable place and sufficient time for the interview, 20 Using skills in eliciting information to get the other person’s views, Acknowledge the other person’s emotional investment in the situation, Stay task focused, Decide a plan of action for the future with the person once the emotional content has been dealt with, Follow up the meeting with a memo summarising the agreement reached, Arrange a follow up meeting to review the situation. Managing negotiation by Rackham and Carlisle (1978): Because people perceive situations differently their realities differ, the need to negotiate is a constant part of social life. The approaches to negotiation are as follows: Distributive bargaining – a win/lose position. Underlying this approach is the idea that resources are finite and that each side tries to maximise the gains for itself leaving the other side to settle for less. Win/lose strategies may give short-term gains but are usually less effective in the long term; 21 parties involved in the negotiation are usually involved in a long-term relationship with each other. Integrative bargaining – win/win approaches aims to solve problems in such a way that both sides gain something that they want. Win/win approaches to negotiating are recommended when the parties concerned will have to live and work together over the long term. Lose/lose bargaining – in this situation conflict between the parties is likely to be personalised, parties would rather paralyse or destroy the organisation rather than reach an agreement. Approaches to negotiation make the following assumptions about human psychology: People are rational decision-makers at all times, People have unlimited information processing capacity which allows them to take into account all possible alternatives and all possible outcomes, People possess and understand all relevant information. Thus it is an important part of the process of negotiating successfully to: 22 Supply all relevant information, Ensure that its implications are clear to all concerned, Give time for the information to be considered, Be open to a reconsideration of the information in the light of other points of view, Be willing to raise disagreements in a constructive and non-combatitive manner. Rackham and Carlisle (1978) defined the skilled negotiator as a person who as the ability to achieve an outcome with which participants were satisfied. Skilled negotiators: Use their social networks to get their message through to the other side through different people, Repeat their main theme so that it becomes clear and people can consider its implications, Label their actions themselves so that they cannot be mislabelled by others, Test their understanding of what others are saying to them by summarizing and restating the content back to the other side, 23 Show that they are attending and listening to the other side by asking questions about their proposals, Do not disagree outright but probe the implications, Avoid making a proposal at a time when it will be rejected, When a proposal is on the table from the other side, it should be examined and allowed to wind down before an alternative is put forward, Know that a counter proposal has the best chance of being accepted as a way out of a problem acknowledged by both sides, Don’t waste time, Never personalize difficulties in the process, Are not afraid to disagree, but avoid provocation when doing so. Building and maintaining client-worker relationship. In order for it to be possible to engage with a client, the worker needs to show warmth, empathy, active listening and a non- 24 judgemental approach. Lishman (1994) outlines other core conditions or characteristics found necessary to build and maintain a client-worker relationship. Genuineness is one of the core conditions or characteristics found to be necessary for a counsellor or therapist to help clients effectively – Truax and Carkhuff (1957). They define genuineness as involving the worker in ‘direct personal encounter with the client, meeting him/ her on a person-to –person basis. Warmth/ non-possessive warmth also termed unconditional positive regard is another attribute found by Rogers and the client-centred school 1957 to be a core condition for helping. Warmth is linked with acceptance and conveys respect. It involves the worker accepting the clients experience as part of that person, and can be thought of as a physical way of showing caring and understanding, and is mainly expressed non-verbally. Mehrabian (1972) uses the term to describe a group on non-verbal behaviours conveying, warmth, affiliation and liking. Mehrabian includes physical proximity, leaning and turning towards the client, sitting in a relaxed position, maintaining eye contact and smiling. 25 Acceptance and a non-judgemental approach. Lishman (1994) sees acceptance as a preparedness to try to understand a client’s subjective world, without conveying rejection or disapproval. Encouragement and approval – in the social learning theory terms, conveying approval is giving positive reinforcement, defined by Sutton (1979) as encouraging the repetition of good behaviour. Positive reinforcements include tangible rewards, such as thanks, praise or appreciation. At the same time traditional social work values proposed by Biestek (1965) of acceptance and non-judgemental attitudes, have been interpreted to mean not only that workers should refrain from conveying their disapproval to clients, but also their approval. Empathy – is another core condition or characteristic found to be necessary for a counsellor or therapist to help their clients effectively Truax and Carkhuff (1957). Empathic responses can help a client to make sense of what may feel a jumble of thoughts and feelings. The client may be reassured that there is some meaning in what as felt incoherent and irrational. Empathic responses can help to validate and confirm client’s perceptions, which previously 26 have been ignored, disqualified or disconfirmed. While this cannot heal or solve the past hurt it may reduce its power in the present by helping the client to recognise the hurt and live with it, and perhaps ‘lay it to rest’ and move on. Responsiveness and sensitivity – according to Mehrabian (1972) responsiveness can be conveyed non-verbally and verbally. He found that it was communicated non-verbally by movement; head nods, leg and foot movements, by facial expressions; through pleasantness and changes in expression. Conclusion. The final requirement according to Lishman (1994) for effective communication is the worker’s self-awareness. Communication, verbal, non-verbal or symbolic, is about our use of self. In order to communicate effectively we have to be aware of what we are doing, why we are doing it, how we are presenting ourselves to our clients and, on the basis of this self-knowledge or awareness, what changes in our communication are needed if we are to be more effective. Skilled and effective communication is not a static state. 27 It will always involve change and development and consolidation, learning from our past behaviour and from our mistakes. Writers such as Sheldon (1977) and Fischer (1978) argue that social workers should concern themselves with the evaluation of the effectiveness of their intervention. They stress the importance of, thinking about the ends of work, not just the means of goals and outcomes; setting specific goals to avoid a double agenda, diffusion of goals, inactivity and lack of change, and failure to offer what the client wanted; developing and definiting intervention skills for problem-solving and change. The skills involved in attending and listening, engaging and relating, giving and getting information, negotiating agreements or contracts and helping people to make changes in their attitudes, beliefs or behaviour are relevant to social work in all contexts. Each context will influence the way in which communication occurs, both enhancing and encouraging the use of some skills and constraining or limiting the use of others. Lishman (1994) also suggests that attending – being punctual is an indication to our clients of attentiveness. Listening and an 28 empathic response are important components in enabling the client to feel that such emotions can be accepted, expressed and lived with and do not have to be hidden or feared. Such acceptance may be the staring-point for a client to learn to live with and manage previously disabling emotions. Social workers have to begin from a value base, which entails basic respect for all human beings. Social work as to start from humanistic principles or values about the worth and dignity of each individual. Bibliography. Argyle, M. 1988 Bodily Communication (2nd ed) London: Methuen. Biestek, F.P. 1965 The Casework Relationship, London, Unwin University Books. Coulshed, V. & Orme, J. (1998) Social Work (An Introduction) 3thed. Macmillan. 29 Cook, M. 1968 Studies of Orientation and Proximity, Oxford, Institute of Experimental Psychology. Doel, M. and Lawson, B. 1986 ‘Open Records: The Clients Right to Partnership’ , British Journal of Social Work, vol.16. Pp. 407. Dittman, L. 1984 The infants we care for. Washington: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Druckman, D. 1982 Non Verbal Communication Survey, Theory and Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Ekman, P. & Friesan, W.V. 1968 ‘Non-verbal Communication in Psychological Research’, in J.M. Schlien Research in Psychotherapy Washington: American Psychological Research. Fisher, J. 1978 Effective Casework: An Electric Approach, New York. McGraw-Hill. 30 Hargie, O. 1986 A Handbook of Communication Skil ls, London and Sydney, Croom Helm. Lishman, J. 1994 Communication in Social Work Macmillan Press: London. Patterson, M. 1983 Non Verbal Behaviour. New York: Springer. Mehrebian, A. 1972 Non-Verbal Communication, Alberta, Aldine. Mc Kenna, E.F. 1991 Managerial Leadership – emergent trends: University of East London. O’Hagan, K. 1986 Crisis Intervention in Social Services, Basingstoke, Macmillan. Silverman, P.R. 1969 ‘The Client Who Drops Out: A Study of Spoiled Helping Relationships’, Brandais University PHD Thesis. 31 Sheldon, B. 1977 ‘Do You Know Where You Are Going?’ , Community Care, 8th June 1977. Sommer, R. 1965 ‘Further Studies of Small Group Ecology’, Sociometry, vol.28, pp. 337. South Eastern Health Board, September 22nd 1998, Record keeping in the freedom of information environment. Sutton, C. 1979 Psychology for Social Workers and Counsellors, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Library of Social Work. Thompson, N. (2000) Understanding Social Work. Palgrave. Traux, C.B. and Carkhuff, R.R. 1957 ‘Towards Effective Counselling and Psychotherapy’, Journal of Counselling Psychology, vol.28. Rackham, N. & Carlisle, J. 1978 The Effective Negotiator – Part 1. The behaviour of successful negotiators. Journal of European Industrial Training, 2. 32 United Kingdom Central council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, 1993 Standards for Records and Record Keeping, London UKCC. Wallace, A. and Rees, S. 1988 ‘The Priority of Client Evaluations’, in Lishman 1988. http://iasw.eire.org/ethics.htm http://www.arcaf.net/social_work_proceedings/ 33 Retrieved from â€Å"http://www.socialwork.ie/socialwork/wiki/index.php/Communication_in_Social_Work_Practice_-_Essay† Personal tools

Bullying And A Child s Development - 2710 Words

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